 seamless steel pipe and method for fabricating a steel pipe
专利摘要:
Seamless steel pipe and method for fabricating a steel pipe. Embodiments of the present invention comprise alloyed carbon steels and methods for producing pipes having a wall thickness of greater than or equal to about 8 mm and less than or equal to 35 mm. In one embodiment, a steel composition is processed yielding an average prior austenite grain size greater than about 15 µm. Based on this composition, a sequence of cooling has been determined to provide a microstructure of greater than or equal to 60% by volume, and less than or equal to 40% by volume of lower bainite, without substantial formation of ferrite, upper bainite or granular bainite. . After quenching, the piping should be tempered. normal pipe runoff voltage with quenching and tempering processes may be greater than about 550 mpa (80 ksi), 625 mpa (90 ksi) or 90 ksi and mechanical property measurements are suitable for the 550 mpa ( 80 ksi), 625 mpa (90 ksi). 公开号:BR102012002768B1 申请号:R102012002768-2 申请日:2012-02-07 公开日:2018-12-11 发明作者:Ettore Anelli；Mariano Armengol；Paolo Novelli；Federico Tintori 申请人:Dalmine S.P.A.； IPC主号:
专利说明:
(54) Title: SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A STEEL PIPE (73) Holder: DALMINE SPA Address: Piazza Caduti 6 Luglio 1944, 1, Dalmine, Province of Bergamo 24044, ITALY (IT) (72) Inventor: ETTORE ANELLI; MARIANO ARMENGOL; PAOLO NOVELLI; FEDERICO TINTORI. Validity Term: 20 (twenty) years from 02/07/2012, subject to legal conditions Issued on: 12/11/2018 Digitally signed by: Liane Elizabeth Caldeira Lage Director of Patents, Computer Programs and Topographies of Integrated Circuits 1/76 SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A STEEL PIPE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION - FIELD The present invention relates generally to the production of metals and, in some embodiments, concerns methods of producing metal tubular bars having high resistance at low temperature while simultaneously having stress corrosion by sulfide breaking the resistance. Certain embodiments refer to seamless steel tubes for risers of all types (catenary, hybrid, tensioned at the top, workover, drilling, etc.), pipes and flow lines for use in the oil and double. gas, including tubes that are suitable for DESCRIPTION OF RELATED TECHNICAL STATUSAn essential component in production in deep sea and ultra-deep is the circulation of fluids from the ocean floor to the surface system. The risers, tubes that connect the drilling or exploration platform to the well, are exposed, over a considerable length (now more than approximately 10,000 feet, or approximately 2 miles), to the pressures of various ocean currents. The costs of the riser system are quite sensitive to the depth of the water. Although, in service, the conditions and sensitivity of environmental loads (ie waves and currents) are different for different types of risers 2/76 top tensioned risers (TTRs) and catenary steel risers (SCRs), hybrid risers (HRs), workover risers (WORs) and drilling risers (DRs) reducing the weight of the riser can provide significant benefits. For example, by reducing the weight of the line, a decrease in the cost of the pipeline and a significant impact on the tensioning system used to support the riser can be achieved. For at least these reasons, high-strength steels, with a yield limit of 70 ksi (485 MPa) and above, are candidates for the development of the lightest risers in the offshore sector. However, steels with a minimum yield stress limit (SMYS) greater than 70 ksi can suffer failures induced by stress corrosion by sulfide (SSC) as a result of hydrogen embrittlement under stress. Therefore, it is difficult to satisfy the NACE requirements for acid media materials (for example, NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156-1 Petroleum and natural gas industries-materials for use in H 2 S-containing environments in oil and gas production - Part 1 : General principles for selection of cracking-resistant materials) and to pass the SSC test (for example, NACE Standard TMO177 Laboratory testing of metals for resistance to sulfide stress cracking and stress corrosion cracking in H2S environments). While seamless pipe manufacturers are able to manufacture high-strength materials with a minimum yield limit of 70 ksi or more, 3/76 SSE and hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) (the latter assessed according to NACE Standard TM0284, Evaluation of pipeline and pressure vessel steels for resistance to hydrogen induced cracking) of these high degrees is often inadequate adequate. Currently, only grades up to 70 X are classified as an acid environment according to ISO 3183. In addition, increased resistance can lead to more fragile behavior at lower temperatures. In general, the materials are qualified in the so-called design temperatures, which are usually around 20 ° C below expected minimum service and / or ambient temperature. The lowest ambient temperature on the Norwegian continental shelf is around -20 ° C. In arctic regions, minimum temperatures are expected to be well below -40 ° C. Consequently, minimum design temperatures down to about -60 ° C are desired. However, steel pipelines with yield limits of around 70 ksi and above are now qualified for design temperatures only below about -40 ° C. Such a limitation could limit the economic exploitation of oil and gas in the Arctic and Arctic regions. Therefore, new high-strength steel tubes with greater resistance at temperatures of -60 ° C or less are desirable. 4/76 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Embodiments of the invention are for steel pipes or tubes and methods of making them. In some embodiments, tempered and tempered seamless steel tubes for riser and piping are provided with a wall thickness (WT) between 8 to 35 mm with a minimum yield stress of 70 ksi, 80 ksi and 90 ksi, respectively, with excellent low temperature resistance and corrosion resistance (acid environment, HqS environment). Seamless tubes are also suitable for producing bends of the same degree by hot induction bending and offline quenching and quenching treatment. In one embodiment, the steel tube has an outside diameter (OD) between 6 (152 mm) and 28 (711 mm) and wall thickness (WT) from 8 to 35 mm. In one embodiment, the composition of a seamless low-alloy steel tube consists of (by weight): 0.05% -0.16% C, 0.20% -0.90% Mn, 0.10% - 0.50% Si, 1.20-2.60% Cr, 0.05% -0.50% Ni, 0.80% -1.20% Mo, 0.03% Nb max., 0.02% Ti max., 0.005% -0.12% V, 0.008% -0.040% Al, 0.0030-0.012% N, 0.3% Cu max, 0.01% S max, 0.02% P max ., 0.001-0.005% Ca, 0.0020% B max, 0.020% As max, 0.0050% Sb max, 0.020% Sn max, 0.030% Zr max, 0.030% Ta max, 0, 0050% Bi max., 0.0030% 0 max., 0.00030% H max., With the balance being iron and unavoidable impurities. Steel tubes can be manufactured to varying degrees. In one embodiment, a degree of 70 ksi is provided with the following properties: 5/76 • YS flow limit: 485 MPa (70 ksi) minimum and 635 MPa (92 ksi (635 MPa)) maximum. • Tensile strength, UTS: 570 MPa (83 ksi (570 MPa)) minimum and 760 MPa (110 ksi (760 MPa)) maximum. · Stretching, not less than 20%. • YS / UTS ratio not greater than 0.93. In another embodiment, an 80 ksi grade is provided with the following properties: • Flow limit, YS: 555 MPa (80 ksi) minimum and 705 MPa (102 ksi) maximum. • Tensile strength, UTS: 625 MPa (90 ksi) minimum and 825 MPa (120 ksi) maximum. · Stretching, not less than 20%. • YS / UTS ratio not greater than 0.93. In another embodiment, a degree of 90 ksi is provided with the following properties: - Flow limit, YS: 625 MPa (90 ksi) minimum and 755 MPa (112 ksi (775 MPa)) maximum. - Tensile strength, UTS: 695 MPa (100 ksi) minimum and 915 MPa (133 ksi) maximum. 25 · - Stretching, not less than 18%. - YS / UTS ratio not greater than 0.95. The steel tube can have a minimum impact energy of 250 J / 200 J (average / individual) and a minimum of 80% of the average area 6/76 shear for both longitudinal and transverse V-notch (CVN) tests carried out at -70 ° C in accordance with ISO 148-1. In one embodiment, the 80 ksi grade pipe can have a maximum hardness of 248 HV10. In another embodiment, the 90 ksi grade pipe can have a maximum hardness of 270 HV10. Steel tubes manufactured according to the embodiments of the invention can exhibit resistance to both hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and to cracking by sulfide stress corrosion (SSC). In one embodiment, the HIC test carried out in accordance with NACE Standard TM0284-2003, Item No. 21215, using NACE A solution and a 96-hour test, provides the following HIC parameters (average in three sections of three samples): Crack length ratio, CLR 5% Crack thickness ratio, CTR 1% Ratio of crack sensitivity, CSR 0.2% In another embodiment, SSE tests carried out in accordance with NACE TM0177, using test solution A, test duration of 720 hours, provide no failure in 90% of the SMYS for grades 7 0 ksi and 80 ksi and no failure in 72% SMYS for the 90 ksi grade. Steel tubes manufactured according to certain embodiments of the invention have a microstructure that has no ferrite, no upper bainite and no bainite Granular 7/76. They can consist of tempered martensite with a volume percentage greater than 60%, preferably greater than 90%, more preferably greater than 95% (measured according to ASTM E562-08) and tempered lower bainite with percentage volume less than 40%, preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 5%. Martensite and bainite can be formed at temperatures below 450 ° C and 540 ° C, respectively, after reheating at temperatures of 900 ° C to 1,060 ° C for immersion times of 300 s to 3,600 s and tempering to cooling variations greater than 20 ° C / s. The average austenite grain size previously measured by ASTM E112 is greater than 15pm or 20pm (linear intercept) and less than 100prn. In other embodiments, the size of the steel tube package after quenching may have a package size (i.e., the average size of the regions separated by high angle limits less than 6pm). In other embodiments, the packet size may be less than about 4pm. In other embodiments, the packet size may be less than approximately 3pm. The packet size can be measured as the mean linear interception in images taken by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using the backscattered electron diffraction (EBSD) signal, with high-angle limits considered to be from those limits with an incorrect orientation > 45 °. In additional embodiments, steel tubes after quenching may exhibit the presence of fine precipitates and thick. The fine precipitates can be of the MX, M 2 X type, where M is V, Mo, Nb or Cr, and X is C or N. The average diameter of the fine precipitates can be less than about 40 nm. The coarse precipitates can be of the type M 3 C, M 6 C, M 23 C 6 . The average diameter of coarse precipitates can be within the range of about 80 nm to about 400 nm. The precipitates can be analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using the extraction replication method. In one embodiment, a steel tube is provided. The steel tube is composed of a steel composition comprising: of fence in 0.05% in Weight The about 0.16% in Weight in carbon;of fence in 0.20% in Weight The about 0.90% in Weight in manganese;of fence in 0.10% in Weight The about 0.50% in Weight in silicone;of fence in 1.20% in Weight The about 2.60% in Weight in crust;of fence in 0.05% in Weight The about 0.50% in Weight in nickel;of fence in 0.80% in Weight The about 1.20% in Weight in molybdenum; in fence in 0, 005% by weight approximately 0.12% by weight in vanadium; in fence in O, 008% by weight approximately 0.04% by weight in aluminum; 9/76 in about 0.0030% in weight a about 0, 0120% by weight in nitrogen; and in about 0.0010% in weight a about 0 .005% by weight in calcium. The thickness of the wall of steel tube can be bigger or equal to about 8 mm and less than about 35 mm. The steel tube can be processed to have a yield strength greater than about 70 ksi and the microstructure of the steel tube can include martensite in a percentage of volume greater than or equal to about 60% and lower bainite in volume and percentage less than or equal to about 40%. In the other embodiment, a method of making a steel tube is provided. The method comprises providing a steel with a steel composition (for example, a low alloy steel). The method also involves ventilating the steel in a tube with a wall thickness greater than or equal to about 8 mm and less than about 35 mm. The method additionally comprises heating the steel tube formed in a first heating operation to a temperature within the range of approximately 900 ° C to about 1,060 ° C. The method also comprises the quenching of the steel tube formed at a cooling variation greater than or equal to 20 ° C / s, in which the microstructure of the tempered steel is greater than or equal to about 60% of martensite and less than or equal to about 40% lower bainite, and has the average austenite grain size previously measured by the ASTM E112 standard greater than about 15pm. The method additionally comprises quenching the steel tube 10/76 tempered at a temperature within the range of about 680 ° C to about 760 ° C, where the steel tube, after quenching, has a yield strength greater than about 70 ksi and an energy of Charpy with an average V notch greater than or equal to approximately 150 J / cm 2 , at about -70 ° C. In other embodiments, the average energy of Charpy with V-notch of the tube is greater than or equal to approximately 250 J / cm 2 , at about 70 ° C. In one embodiment, an 80 ksi (555 MPa) grade seamless steel tube is provided. The tube comprises: a steel composition that includes: 0.10% in Weight The 0.13% in Weight in carbon; 0.40% in Weight The 0.55% in Weight in manganese; 0.20% in Weight The 0.35% in Weight in silicone; 1.9 wt% to 2.3 wt% chromium; 0.9% by weight to 1.1% by weight of molybdenum; 0.001% by weight to 0.005% by weight of calcium; 0.05% by weight to 0.07% by weight of vanadium; and 0.010% by weight to 0.020% by weight of aluminum. The wall thickness of the steel tube can be greater than or equal to about 8 mm and less than or equal to about 35 mm. The steel tube can be treated by hot rolling followed by cooling to room temperature, heating to a temperature of about 900 ° C or above, tempering to a cooling variation greater than or equal to 40 ° C / tempering a temperature between about 680 ° C to about 760 ° C for 11/76 form a microstructure having a grain size of the previous austenite from about 20pm to about 80 pm, a packet size of about 3 pm to about 6 pm and about 90% martensite by volume or greater, and about 10% lower bainite by volume or less. The steel pipe can have a yield strength (YS) between about 80 ksi (555 MPa) and about 102 ksi (705 MPa), a tensile strength (UTS) between about 90 ksi (625 MPa) and approximately 120 ksi (825 MPa), elongation not less than about 20% and YS / UTS ratio not more than about 0.93. In another embodiment, a 90 ksi (625 MPa) grade seamless steel tube can be provided. The tube comprises: a steel composition that includes: 0.10% in Weight The 0.13% in Weight in carbon; 0.40% in Weight The 0.55% in Weight in manganese; 0.20% in Weight The 0.35% in Weight in silicone; 1.9 wt% to 2.3 wt% chromium; 0.9% by weight to 1.1% by weight of molybdenum; 0.001% by weight to 0.005% by weight of calcium; 0.05% by weight to 0.07% by weight of vanadium; and 0.010% by weight to 0.020% by weight of aluminum. The wall thickness of the steel tube can be greater than or equal to about 8 mm and less than or equal to about 35 mm. The steel tube can be treated by hot rolling followed by cooling to room temperature, heating to a temperature of about 900 ° C or above, 12/76 cooling variation greater than or equal to 20 ° C / tempering at a temperature between about 680 ° C to about 760 ° C to form a microstructure having a grain size of the previous austenite from about 20pm to about 60 pm, a packet size of approximately 2pm to about 6pm and about 95% martensite by volume or greater, and about 5% lower bainite by volume or less. The steel pipe can have a yield strength (YS) between about 90 ksi (625 MPa) and about 112 ksi (775 MPa), a tensile strength (UTS) between about 100 ksi and approximately 133 ksi (915 MPa), elongation not less than about 18% and YS / UTS ratio not greater than about 0.95. In another embodiment, a 70 ksi (485 MPa) grade seamless steel tube can be provided. The tube comprises: a steel composition that includes: 0.10% in Weight The 0.13% in Weight in carbon; 0.40% in Weight The 0.55% in Weight in manganese; 0.20% in Weight The 0.35% in Weight in silicone; 2.0% by weight to 2.5% by weight of chromium; 0.9% by weight to 1.1% by weight of molybdenum; and 0.001% by weight to 0.005% by weight of calcium. The wall thickness of the steel tube can be greater than or equal to about 8 mm and less than or equal to about 35 mm. The steel tube can be treated by hot rolling followed by cooling to room temperature, heating to a temperature of about 900 ° C or above, 13/76 cooling variation greater than or equal to 20 ° C / tempering at a temperature between about 680 ° C to about 760 ° C to form a microstructure having a grain size of the previous austenite from about 20pm to about 100prn, a packet size of approximately 4pm to about 6pm and about 60% martensite by volume or greater, and about 40% lesser bainite by volume or less. The steel pipe can have a yield strength (YS) between about 70 ksi (485 MPa) and about 92 ksi (635 MPa), a tensile strength (UTS) between about 83 ksi (570 MPa) and approximately 110 ksi (760 MPa), elongation not less than about 18% and YS / UTS ratio not more than about 0.93. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings. Figure 1 is a schematic flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for making steel tubes; Figure 2 is an embodiment of a continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram for a steel embodiment of the present exhibition; Figure 3 is an optical micrograph of a tempered tube formed according to the disclosed embodiments using a waiting time of about 600 s. The tube is notched to illustrate the austenite grain limits above; 14/76 Figures 4Ά and 4B are optical micrographs of a quenched and tempered tube formed according to the disclosed embodiments using a waiting time of about 2,400 s. The tube is notched to illustrate austenite grain limits previous. (4A) 200x magnification; (4B) 10000x magnification; The figure 5 is a micrography taken by microscopy electronics in sweep (SEM) using the sign of diffraction in electrons backscattered (EBSD), illustrating the Limits with low and high incorrect orientation around the middle of the tube wall of Figure 4; Figure 6 is a graph illustrating the boundary interception distribution with an incorrect orientation angle greater than about 45 ° for a steel formed according to the disclosed embodiments; and Figure 7 is an optical micrograph around the middle of the tempered tube wall of the comparative example of Example 3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The embodiments of the present exhibition provide steel compositions, tubular bars (e.g., tubes) formed using steel compositions and the respective manufacturing methods. Tubular bars can be used, for example, as pipes and risers for use in the oil and gas industry. In some embodiments, the tubular bars may have wall thicknesses greater than or equal to about 8 mm and less than about 35 mm, and a microstructure of 15/76 martensite and lower bainite without substantial ferrite, upper bainite or granular bainite. Thus formed, the tubular bars can have a minimum flow resistance of about 70 ksi (485 MPa), 80 ksi (555 MPa) and approximately 90 ksi (625 MPa). In other embodiments, the tubular bars may have good resistance to low temperatures and resistance to cracking under sulfide stress corrosion (CCD) and hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), allowing the use of tubular bars in acidic environments. It can be understood, however, that tubular bars make up an example of articles of manufacture that can be formed from embodiments of the present exhibition and should in no way be interpreted to limit the applicability of the disclosed embodiments. term bar as used in this document is a broad term and includes its ordinary dictionary meaning and also refers to a generally hollow, elongated member that can be straight or have folds or curves and be formed to a predetermined shape, and any other necessary format to protect the tubular bar formed in its intended location. The bar may be tubular, having a substantially circular outer surface and an inner surface, although other shapes and cross sections are also contemplated. In this document, the term tubular refers to any elongated, hollow shape that need not be circular or cylindrical. 16/76 The terms approximately, approximately and substantially, as used in this document, represent an amount close to the declared amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms approximately, about and substantially may refer to an amount that is within less than 10%, within less than 5%, within less than 1%, within less than 0.1% and within less than 0.01% of the declared quantity. The term room temperature, as used in this document, has its common sense as known to those skilled in the art and may include temperatures within the range of about 16 ° C (60 ° F) to about 32 ° C (90 ° F ). Embodiments of the present exhibition comprise low-alloy carbon steel tubes and manufacturing methods. As discussed in more detail below, through a combination of steel composition and heat treatment, a final microstructure can be achieved that gives rise to selected mechanical properties of interest, including one or more of the minimum flow resistance, strength, hardness and corrosion resistance, in tubes with high wall thickness (for example, WT greater than or equal to about 8mm and less than about 35mm). The steel composition of the present exhibition may include not only carbon (C), but also manganese (Mn), silicone (Si), chromium 17/76 (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), aluminum (Al), nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca). In addition, one or more of the following elements may optionally be present and / or added as well: tungsten (W), niobium (Nb), titanium (Ti), boron (B), zirconium (Zr) and tantalum (Ta). The rest of the composition can include iron (Fe) and impurities. In certain embodiments, the concentration of impurities can be reduced to as low as possible. Impurity embodiments may include, but are not limited to, copper (Cu), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tin (Sn), bismuth (Bi), oxygen (O ) and hydrogen (H). For example, the composition of low alloy steel may include (in weight%, unless otherwise specified): Carbon inside interval in between fence in 0.05% The about 0.16%;Manganese within the range in between fence in 0.20% The about 0.90%;Silicone within range in between fence in 0.10% The about 0.50%;Chrome inside interval in between fence in 1.20% The about 2.60%;Nickel inside interval in between fence in 0.050% The about 0.50%;Molybdenum within the interval between fence in 0.80% The approximately 1.20%; 18/76 Tungsten less than or equal to about 0.08%; Niobium less than or equal to about 0.030%; Titanium smaller or equal about 0.020%; Vanadium inside of interval between fence in 0.005% a about 0 , 12%; Aluminum inside of interval between fence in 0.008% a approximately 0.040%; Nitrogen inside the interval between fence from 0.0030% to approximately 0.012%Copper less than or equal to fabout 0, 3%;Sulfur less than or equal about 0.01%;Phosphorus less than or equal about 0.02%;Calcium within interval between fence from 0.001 to approximately 0.005%; Boron less than or equal to about 00020%; Arsenic less than or equal to about 0.020%; Antimony less than or equal to about 0.005%; Tin less than or equal to about 0.020%; Zirconium less than or equal to 0.030%; Tantalum less than or equal to 0.030%; Bismuth less than about 0.0050%; Oxygen less than about 0.0030%; Hydrogen less than or equal to about 0.00030%; and The balance of the composition comprises iron and impurities. Heat treatment operations can include quenching and tempering (Q + T). The quenching operation may include reheating a pipe from about room temperature after forming heat to a temperature that austenitizes 19/76 the tube followed by a quick quench. For example, the tube can be heated to a temperature between approximately 900 ° C to approximately 1,060 ° C and maintained around the austenitizing temperature for a selected immersion time. Cooling rates during quenching are selected to achieve a selected cooling range around the middle of the pipe wall. For example, tubes can be cooled to achieve cooling rates greater than or equal to approximately 20 ° C / s in the middle of the wall. In other embodiments, the refrigeration variation can be greater than or equal to about 40 ° C / s, as discussed in more detail below. The quenching of tubes having a WT greater than or equal to about 8mm and less than about 35mm and the composition described above can promote the formation of a percentage of martensite volume greater than about 60%, preferably greater than about 90% and more preferably greater than about 95% within the tube. In certain embodiments, the remaining microstructure of the tube may include lower bainite, without substantially ferrite, upper bainite or granular bainite. In other embodiments, the microstructure of the tube can include substantially 100% martensite. Following the quenching operations, the pipe can still be subjected to tempering. Tempering can be carried out at a temperature within the range of about 680 ° C to about 760 ° C, depending on the steel composition and the destination flow resistance. In addition to martensite and bainite 20/76 lower, the microstructure can still have an average grain size of the previous austenite measured according to ASTM E112 from between about 15pm to about 100pm. The microstructure may also have an average packet size of less than or equal to about 6pm, preferably less than or equal to approximately 4pm, more preferably less than or equal to approximately 3pm. The microstructure may also present fine precipitates of MX, M 2 X, where Μ = V, Mo, Nb and Cr, and X = C or N having an average diameter less than or equal to about 40 nm and coarse precipitates of the M3C type, M 6 C, and M 23 C 6 with average diameter within the range between about 80 to about 400 nm. In one embodiment, a steel tube having a WT greater than or equal to about 8 mm and less than about 35 mm and the composition and microstructure discussed above may have the following properties: • Minimum yield strength (YS) = about 70 ksi (485 MPa) (485 MPa) • Maximum yield strength = approximately 102 ksi (705 MPa) (705 MPa) • Minimum tensile strength (UTS) = approximately 90 ksi (625 MPa) (625 MPa) • Maximum tensile strength = about 120 ksi (825 MPa) (825 MPa) • Failure elongation = greater than about 20% • YS / UTS = less than or equal to approximately 0, 93 21/76 In another embodiment, a tube steel having a WT greater than or equal to about 8 mm and less than about 35 mm and the composition and microstructure discussed above may have the following properties: • Minimum yield strength (YS) = about 80 ksi (555 MPa) • Maximum yield strength = approximately 102 ksi (705 MPa) • Minimum tensile strength (UTS) = approximately 90 ksi (625 MPa) • Tensile strength maximum = about 120 ksi (825 MPa) • Failure elongation = greater than about 20% • YS / UTS - less than or equal to approximately 0.93 In another embodiment, a steel tube having a WT greater than or equal to about 8 mm and less than about 35 mm and the composition and microstructure discussed above may have the following properties: • Minimum flow resistance (YS) = about 90 ksi (625 MPa) • Maximum yield strength = approximately 112 ksi (775 MPa) • Minimum tensile strength (UTS) = approximately 100 ksi (695 MPa) • Maximum tensile strength = approximately 133 ksi (915 MPa) • Failure elongation = greater than about 18% • YS / UTS = less than or equal to approximately 0.95 22/76 In each embodiment, the formed tube can also exhibit the following impact and hardness properties: • Minimum impact energy (average / individual around -70 ° C): - = approximately 250 J / fence in 200 J (for degrees 70 ksi (485 MPa) and 80 ksi (555 MPa)) - = approximately 150 J / fence in 100 J (for degree ksi (625 MPa)) • Average shear area (CVN at approximately -70 ° C; ISO 148-1) - = about 80% minimum • Hardness - = approximately 248 maximum HV10 (for degrees 70 ksi (485 MPa) and 80 ksi (555 MPa)) - = approximately 270 maximum HV10 (for grade 90 ksi (625 MPa)) In each of the above embodiments, the formed tube may still exhibit the following resistance to cracking under sulfide stress corrosion (SSC) and hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC). The SSC test is performed according to NACE TM 0177 using solution A with a test duration of about 720 hours. The HIC test is conducted according to NACE TM 0284-2003 Item 21215 using the NACE A solution and 96 hours of test duration: 23/76 HIC: • Crack length ratio, CLR = less than or equal to 5% • Crack thickness ratio, CTR = less than or equal to 1% • Crack sensitivity ratio, CSR = less than or equal to 0.2% SSE: • Failure time at 90% of the specified minimum flow resistance = for degrees 70 ksi (485 MPa) and 80 ksi (555 MPa), greater than about 720 hours • Failure time at 72% of the specified minimum flow resistance = for degree 90 ksi (625 MPa), greater than about 720 hours Referring to Figure 1, a flow diagram is shown that illustrates an embodiment of a method 100 for the manufacture of tubular bars. Method 100 includes operations to make steel 102, hot forming operations 104, heat treatment operations 106, which may include austenitization 106A, tempering 106, tempering 106C and finishing operations 110. It can be understood that method 100 may include more or less operations and the operations can be performed in a different order than shown in Figure 1, as needed. Operation 102 of method 100 preferably comprises steel fabrication and the production of a solid metal billet capable of being drilled and rolled to form a tubular bar 24/76 metallic. In other embodiments, selected steel scrap, cast iron and sponge iron can be used to prepare the raw material for the composition of the steel. It can be understood that, however, other sources of iron and / or steel can be used for the preparation of the steel composition. Primary steel production can be performed using an electric arc furnace to melt the steel, decrease phosphorus and other impurities, and reach a selected temperature. Casting and deoxidation, and addition of alloying elements can still be carried out. One of the main goals of the steelmaking process is to refine iron by removing impurities. In particular, sulfur and phosphorus are harmful to steel because they degrade the mechanical properties of steel. In one embodiment, secondary steel production can be carried out in a pot oven and a deburring station after primary steel production to perform purification steps. specific in During these operations, contents of very sulfur lows can be achieved inside steel, treatment in inclusion of calcium runs and flotation of inclusion is performed. In one embodiment, inclusion flotation can be accomplished by bubbling inert gases into the pan oven to force inclusions and impurities to float. This technique produces a slag fluid capable of absorbing impurities and inclusions. In this way, high-quality steel can be supplied 25/76 quality containing the desired composition with a low inclusion content. Table 1 illustrates embodiments of the steel composition in percent of mass (% by weight), unless otherwise indicated. Table 1 - Variations in steel composition Range of compositionsGeneral Preferred More preferidalQ Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Ç 0.05 0.16 0.07 0.14 0, 08 0.12 Mn 0.20 0.90 0.30 0.60 0.30 0.50 Si 0.10 0.50 0.10 0.40 0.10 0.25 Cr 1.20 2.60 1.80 2.50 2.10 2.40 Ni 0.05 0.50 0.05 0.20 0.05 0.20 Mo 0.80 1.20 0.90 1.10 0.95 1.10 W 0, 00 0.80 0.00 0.60 0, 00 0.30 Nb 0.000 0.030 0.000 0.015 0.000 0.010 You 0.000 0.020 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.01-p s V 005 0.12 0.050 0.10 0.050 0.07 Al 008 0.040 0.010 0.030 0.015 0.025 N 0.0030 0.0120 0.0030 0.0100 0.0030 0.0080 Ass 0, 00 0.30 0, 00 0.20 0, 00 0.15 s 0.000 0.010 0.000 005 0.000 0.003 P 0.000 0.020 0.000 0.012 0.000 0.010 Here 0.0010 0.0050 0.0010 0.0030 0.0015 0.0030 B 0.0000 0.0050 0.0005 0.0012 0.0008 0.0014 At 0.000 0.020 0.000 0.015 0.000 0.015 Sb 0.0000 0.0050 0.0000 0.0050 0.0000 0.00¾¾ Sn 0.000 0.020 0.000 0.015 0.000 0.01¾ ° Zr 0.000 0.030 0.000 0.015 0.000 0.010 OK 0.000 0.030 0.000 0.015 0.000 0.010 Bi 0.0000 0.0050 0.0000 0.0050 0.0000 0.0050 0 0.000 0.0030 0.000 0.0020 0.000 0.0015 H 0.0000 0.00030 0.0000 0.00025 0, 0 0.00020 Carbon (C) is an element whose addition to the steel composition can inexpensively increase the strength of the steel and refine the microstructure, reducing transformation temperatures. In one embodiment, if the C content of the steel composition is less than about 0.05%, it can be difficult in some 6/7 embodiments obtain the desired intensity in the articles of manufacture, in particular tubular products. On the other hand, in other embodiments, if the steel composition has a C content greater than about 0.16%, in some embodiments, the resistance is impaired and can decrease weldability, making any welding process more difficult and expensive if the joint is not performed by filament joints. In addition, the risk of developing tempering cracks in steels with high temperability increases with the carbon content. Therefore, in one embodiment, the C content of the steel composition can be selected within the range of about 0.05% to about 0.16%, preferably within the range of about 0.07% to about 0 , 14% and more preferably within the range of about 0.08% to about 0.12%. 0 manganese (Mn) is an element whose addition for The composition of steel can be effective for increase The temperability, The force and the hardness of the steel. In an materialization if the content composition Mn in steel for less than about 0.20 %, it can be difficult, in some cocnretízations, get The desired resistance at the steel. At the However, in another embodiment, if the Mn content exceeds about 0.90%, in some embodiments, band structures may become accentuated in some embodiments and may decrease HIC / SSC hardness and strength. Therefore, in one embodiment, the Mn content of the steel composition can be selected within the range of about 0.20% to about 0.90%, preferably within the range of about 27/76 0.30% to about 0.60% and more preferably within the range of about 0.30% to about 0.50%. Silicone (Si) is an element whose addition to the steel composition can have a deoxidizing effect during the steelmaking process and can also increase the strength of the steel (for example, reinforcing the solid solution). In one embodiment, if the Si content of the steel composition is less than about 0.10%, the steel, in some embodiments, may be poorly deoxidized during the steelmaking process and have a high level of microinclusions. In another embodiment, if the content of If the steel composition exceeds about 0.50%, both strength and formability of the steel may decrease in some embodiments. content of If within the steel composition greater than about 0.5% it is also recognized to have a negative effect on the surface quality when the steel is processed at high temperatures (for example, temperatures above about 1000 ° C) in oxidizing atmospheres , because the adhesion (scale) of superficial oxide is increased due to the formation of phialite and the risk of surface defect is greater. Therefore, in one embodiment, the Si content of the steel composition can be selected within the range of about 0.10% to about 0.50%, preferably within the range of about 0.10% to about 0.40% and more preferably within the range of about 0.10% to about 0.25%. 28/76 Chromium (Cr) is an element whose addition to the steel composition can increase the hardenability, decrease the transformation temperatures and increase the resistance to tempering of the steel. Therefore, the addition of Cr to steel compositions may be desirable to achieve high levels of strength and hardness. In one embodiment, if the Cr content of the steel composition is less than about 1.2%, it may be difficult to obtain desired strength and toughness in some embodiments. In another embodiment, if the Cr content of the steel composition exceeds about 2.6%, the cost may be excessive and the hardness may decrease due to the increased precipitation of coarse carbides at the grain limits in some embodiments. In addition, the weldability of the resulting steel can be reduced, making the welding process more difficult and expensive, if the joining is not performed by threaded joints. Therefore, in one embodiment, the Cr content of the steel composition can be selected within the range of about 1.2% to about 2.5% and most preferably within the range of about 2.1 % to about 2.4%. Nickel (Ni) is an element whose addition to the steel composition can increase the strength and hardness of the steel. However, in one embodiment, when the addition of Ni exceeds about 0.5%, a negative effect on the adhesion scale has been observed, with a greater risk of forming surface defects. Also, in other embodiments, the Ni content within the steel composition greater than about 1% is recognized to have a detrimental effect on cracking. 9/7 sulfide stress corrosion. Therefore, in one embodiment, the Ni content of the steel composition can vary within the range of about 0.05% to about 0.5%, more preferably within the range of about 0.05% to about 0.2%. Molybdenum (Mo) is an element whose addition to the steel composition can improve hardenability and hardness by solid solution and fine precipitation. Mo can assist in slowing softening during tempering, promoting the formation of very fine MC and M2C precipitates. These particles can be substantially uniformly distributed in the matrix and can also act as beneficial hydrogen traps, delaying the atomic diffusion of hydrogen into dangerous traps, usually at grain boundaries, which behave as break nucleation sites. Mo also reduces phosphorus segregation to grain limits, improving resistance to intergranular fracture, with beneficial effects also on SSC resistance because high-strength steels that undergo hydrogen embrittlement have an intergranular fracture morphology. Therefore, by increasing the Mo content of the steel composition, the desired strength can be achieved at higher tempering temperatures, which promote an improvement in hardness levels. In one embodiment, in order to exert its effect, the Mo content of the steel composition can be greater than or equal to about 0.80%. However, in other embodiments, when the Mo content within the steel composition is greater than about 1.2%, a saturation effect on temperability and weldability is noticeable. 30/76 can be reduced. Since iron alloy Mo is expensive, in one embodiment, the Mo content of the steel composition can be selected within the range of about 0.8 to about 1.2%, preferably within the range of about 0 , 9% to about 1.1% and more preferably within the range of about 0.95% to about 1.1%. Tungsten (W) is an element whose addition to the steel composition is optional and can increase resistance at room temperature or at elevated temperatures, forming the tungsten carbide that develops secondary hardening. W is preferably added when high temperature steel is required. W's behavior is similar to Mo's in terms of hardenability, but its effectiveness is about half that of Mo. Tungsten reduces the oxidation of steel and, consequently, less scales are formed during reheating processes at high temperatures. However, as its cost is very high, in one embodiment, the W content of the steel composition can be selected to be less than or equal to about 0.8%. niobium (Nb) is an element whose addition to the steel composition is optional and can be provided to form carbides and nitrides and can be further used to refine the austenite grain size during hot rolling and reheating before temper. However, Nb is not necessary in embodiments of the present steel composition to refine austenite grains as a 31/76 predominant martensite is formed and a thin package is formed even in the case of coarse austenite grains when low processing temperatures are promoted through an appropriate balance of other chemical elements, such as Cr, Mo and C. The precipitates of Nb as carbonitride they can increase the strength of the steel by hardening the dispersion particle. These fine, round particles can be substantially uniformly distributed in the matrix and also act as hydrogen traps, advantageously delaying the atomic diffusion of hydrogen into dangerous traps, usually at grain boundaries, which behave as break nucleation sites. In one embodiment, if the Nb content of the steel composition is greater than about 0.030%, a coarse precipitate distribution that decreases the hardness can be formed. Therefore, in one embodiment, the Nb content of the steel composition can be selected to be less than or equal to about 0.030%, preferably less than or equal to about 0.015% and more preferably less than or equal to 0.01%. Titanium (Ti) is an element whose addition to the steel composition is optional and can be provided to refine the austenite grain size in high temperature processes, forming nitrides and carbonitrides. However, it is not necessary in embodiments of the present steel composition, except when it is used to protect the boron that remains in the solid solution by improving temperability, especially in the case of tubes with a wall thickness greater than 25 mm. For example, Ti binds to nitrogen and prevents the formation of BN. In addition, in some embodiments, when Ti is 32/76 present in concentrations greater than about 0.02%, coarse particles of TiN that decrease the hardness can be formed. In this sense, in one embodiment, the Ti content of the steel composition can be less than or equal to approximately 0.02% and more preferably less than or equal to about 0.01% when boron is less than about 0.0010%. Vanadium (V) is an element whose addition to the steel composition can increase the resistance by carbonitrate precipitation during tempering. These fine, round particles can also be substantially uniformly distributed within the matrix and act as beneficial hydrogen traps. In one embodiment, if the V content is less than about 0.05%, it may, in some embodiments, be difficult to obtain the desired strength. However, in another embodiment, if the V content of the steel composition is greater than 0.12%, a large volume fraction of vanadium carbide particles can be formed with subsequent reduction in hardness. Therefore, in certain embodiments, the V content of the steel composition can be selected to be less than or equal to about 0.12%, preferably within the range of about 0.05% to about 0.10% and preferably more within the range of about 0.05% to about 0.07%. Aluminum (Al) is an element whose addition to the steel composition has a deoxidizing effect during the steelmaking process and can refine the steel grain. In one embodiment, if the Al content of the steel composition and more 33/76 high than about 0.040%, coarse precipitates of A1N that decrease hardness and / or oxides rich in Al (for example, non-metallic inclusions) that decrease HIC and SSC resistance. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the Al content of the steel composition can be selected to be less than or equal to about 0.04%, preferably less than or equal to approximately 0.03% and more preferably less than or equal to about 0.025%. Nitrogen (N) is an element whose content within the steel composition is preferably selected to be greater than or equal to about 0.0030%, in one embodiment, in order to form carbonitrides of V, Nb, Mo and Ti. However, in other embodiments, if the N content of the steel composition exceeds about 0.0120%, the hardness of the steel can be degraded. Therefore, the N content of the steel composition can be selected within the range of about 0.0030% to about 0.0120%, preferably within the range of about 0.0030% to about 0.0100% and more preferably within the range of about 0.0030% to about 0.0080%. Copper (Cu) is an impurity element that is not necessary in embodiments of the steel composition. However, depending on the manufacturing process, the presence of Cu may be inevitable. Therefore, the Cu content within the steel composition can be limited to as low as possible. For example, in one embodiment, the Cu content of the steel composition may be less than or equal to about 0.3%, preferably less than or equal to approximately 0.20% and more preferably less than or equal to about 0.15%. Sulfur (S) is an impurity element that can decrease the hardness and 'workability' of steel, as well as the HIC / SSC resistance. Therefore, the S content of the steel composition, in some embodiments, can be kept as low as possible. For example, in one embodiment, the S content of the steel composition can be less than or equal to about 0.01%, preferably less than or equal to approximately 0.005% and more preferably less than or equal to about 0.003%. Phosphorus (P) is an impurity element that can cause a decrease in hardness and resistance to high strength steel HIC / SSC. In this sense, the P content of the steel composition, in some embodiments, can be kept as low as possible. For example, in one embodiment, the P content of the steel composition may be less than or equal to about 0.02%, preferably less than or equal to approximately 0.012% and more preferably less than or equal to about 0.010%. Calcium (Ca) is an element whose addition to the steel composition can help with controlling the shape of inclusions and improving the resistance to HIC by forming thin and substantially round sulfides. In one embodiment, in order to provide these benefits, the Ca content of the steel composition can be selected to be greater than or equal to about 0.0010% when the sulfur content of the steel composition is greater than about 0, 0020%. However, in other 35/76 embodiments, if the Ca content of the steel composition exceeds about 0.0050%, the effect of adding Ca can be saturated and the risk of formation of Ca-rich non-metallic inclusions clusters which reduce resistance to HIC and SSC. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the maximum Ca content of the steel composition can be selected to be less than or equal to about 0.0050% and more preferably less than or equal to about 0.0030%, while the minimum content of Ca can be selected to be greater than or equal to about 0.0010%, and more preferably to greater than or equal to about 0.0015%. Boron (B) is an element whose addition to the steel composition is optional and can be provided to improve the hardenability of the steel. B can be used to inhibit the formation of ferrite. In one embodiment, the lower limit of the B content of the steel composition to provide these beneficial effects can be about 0.0005%, while the beneficial effects can be saturated with a boron content greater than about 0.0020%. Therefore, in selected embodiments, the B content of the steel composition may vary within the range of approximately 0 to 0.0020%, more preferably within the range of about 0.0005 to approximately 0.0012% and more preferably within the range of about 0.0008 to about 0.0014%. Arsenic (As), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb) and bismuth (Bi) are elements of impurity that are not needed in embodiments of the steel composition. However, depending on 36/76 of the manufacturing process, the presence of these impurity elements may be inevitable. Therefore, the contents of As and Sn within the steel composition can be selected to be less than or equal to about 0.020% and more preferably less than or equal to about 0.015%. The contents of Sb and Bi can be selected to be less than or equal to about 0.0050%. Zirconium (Zr) and tantalum (Ta) are elements that act as strong carbide and nitride builders, similar to Nb and Ti. These elements can optionally be added to the steel composition, as they are not needed in concrete embodiments. present steel composition to refine austenite grains. The fine carbonrides of Zr and Ta can increase the steel's resistance by hardening the dispersion particle and can also act as beneficial hydrogen traps, delaying the atomic diffusion of hydrogen towards dangerous traps. In one embodiment, if the content of Zr or Ta is greater than or equal to about 0.030%, a coarse precipitate distribution can be formed which can compromise the hardness of the steel. Zirconium also acts as a deoxidation element in steel and combines with sulfur, however, as an addition to steel to promote non-metallic globular inclusions, Ca is preferred. Therefore, the content of Zr and Ta within the steel composition can be selected to be less than or equal to about 0.03%. total oxygen content (O) of the steel composition is the sum of soluble oxygen and oxygen in non-metallic inclusions 37/76 (oxides). As this is practically the oxygen content in oxides in a well-deoxidized steel, an oxygen content that is too high means a high volume fraction of non-metallic inclusions and less resistance to HIC and SSC. In this sense, in one embodiment, the oxygen content of the steel can be selected to be less than or equal to about 0.0030%, preferably less than or equal to approximately 0.0020% and more preferably less than or equal to about 0.0015%. After the production of fluid slag containing a composition as described above, the steel can be converted into a solid round billet of substantially uniform diameter along the steel axis. For example, round billets having a diameter within the range of approximately 330 mm to about 420 mm can be produced in this way. The billet thus manufactured can be formed into a tubular bar through hot forming processes 104. In one embodiment, a solid, cylindrical billet of clean steel can be heated to a temperature of about 1,200 ° C to 1,340 ° C, from preferably about 1,280 ° C. For example, the billet can be reheated by a rotary hearth furnace. The billet can also be subjected to a rolling mill. Inside the laminator, the billet can be drilled, in certain preferred embodiments using the Manessmann process, hot rolling is used to substantially reduce the outside diameter and the thickness of the pipe wall, while the length is increased substantially. In certain 38/76 embodiments, the Manessmann process can be performed at temperatures within the range of about 1,200 ° C to about 1,280 ° C. The hollow bars obtained can also be hot rolled at temperatures within the range between about 1,000 ° C to about 1,200 ° C in a continuous retained mandrel laminator. The exact sizing can be done by a sizing laminator and the seamless tubes cooled in the air around room temperature in a cooling bed. For example, tubes with an outside diameter (OD) within the range of about 6 inches to about 16 inches can be formed in this way. After rolling, the tubes can be heated in line, without cooling to room temperature, by an intermediate oven to make the temperature measurement more uniform, and the exact sizing can be done by a sizing laminator. Thereafter, the seamless tubes can be cooled in the air to room temperature in a cooling bed. In the case of a tube having a final OD greater than about 16 inches, the tubes produced by the medium sized laminator can be processed by a rotary expansion laminator. For example, medium sized tubes can be reheated by a rotary grid oven to a temperature within the range of approximately 1,150 ° C to about 1,250 ° C, expanded to the desired diameter by the expander laminator at a temperature within the range of about 1,100 ° C ° C to about 1,200 ° C, and reheated in line before final design. 39/76 In a non-limiting example, a solid bar can be formed hot, as discussed above, in a tube that has an outside diameter within the range of about 6 inches to about 16 inches and a wall thickness greater than or equal to about 8 mm and less than about 35 mm. The final microstructure of the formed tube can be determined by the composition of the steel supplied in operation 102 and by the heat treatments carried out in operations 106. The composition and microstructure, in turn, can give rise to the properties of the formed tube. In one embodiment, promoting martensite formation can refine the size of the separate resistance regions per limits of high The propagation in incorrect, higher it will be angle breaks; the one that offers greater the greater the energy that a crack will require to cross the border) to improve the hardness of the steel pipe for a given flow resistance. Increasing the amount of martensite in quenched tubes may still allow the use of higher tempering temperatures for a given resistance level. In other embodiments, levels reached for a higher substitution of bainite strength can be given quench temperature by martensite in the quenched pipe. Therefore, in one embodiment, it is an objective of the method to achieve a predominantly martensitic microstructure at relatively trailer temperatures (for example, the transformation of austenite at temperatures less than or equal to 40/76 about 450 ° C). In a martensite it can include a percentage of martensite volume greater than or equal to about 60%. In other embodiments, the volume percentage of martensite can be greater than or equal to about 90%. In other co-centrations, the percentage of martensite volume can be greater than or equal to about 95%. In another embodiment, the steel's hardenability, the steel's relative ability to form martensite when hardened, can be improved through composition and microstructure. In one respect, adding elements like Cr and Mo is effective in reducing the transformation temperature of martensite and bainite and increases resistance to tempering. Advantageously, a higher tempering temperature can then be used to achieve a certain level of resistance (e.g., flow resistance). In another aspect, a relatively coarse austenite grain size (for example, about 15pm to about 100 pm) can improve temperability. In another embodiment, the resistance of steel to cracking by sulfide stress corrosion (SSC) can be improved through composition and microstructure. In one aspect, SSC can be improved by the higher martensite content within the tube. In another aspect, tempering at very high temperatures can improve the SSC of the pipe, as discussed in more detail below. 41/76 In order to promote the formation of martensite at temperatures less than or equal to about 450 ° C, the steel composition can also satisfy Equation 1, where the amounts of each element in weight% are given: 60% C +% Mo + 1.7% Cr> 10 Eq. 1 If a significant amount of bainite (for example, less than about 40% by volume) is present after quenching, the temperature at which the bainite is formed must be less than or equal to about 540 ° C to promote a relatively thin package , without substantially superior bainite or granular bainite (a mixture of displaced bainitic ferrite and islands of high C martensite and retained austenite). In order to promote the formation of bainite at a temperature below or equal to about 540 ° C (for example, lower bainite), the steel composition can, in addition, satisfy Equation 2, where the quantities of each element are given in% by weight: 60% C + 41% Mo + 34% Cr> 70 Eq. 2 Figure 2 illustrates a diagram of continuous cooling transformation (CCT) of a steel with composition within the ranges shown in Table 1 generated by dilatometry. Figure 2 indicates that, even in case of high Cr and Mo content, in order to substantially avoid the formation of ferrite and have an amount of martensite greater than or equal to about 50% 42/76 by volume, an average anterior austenite grain size (AGS) greater than about 20pm and a cooling rate greater than or equal to about 20 ° C / s can be employed. In addition, to provide a microstructure of approximately 100% martensite, a cooling rate greater than or equal to about 40 ° C / s can be employed. Notably, normalization (for example, austenitization followed by cooling in calm air) may not achieve the desired microstructure of martensite because the typical average cooling rates between about 800 ° C and 500 ° C for tubes with a wall thickness between about 8 mm and about 35 mm are less than about 5 ° C / s. Water quenching can be used to achieve the desired cooling rates at approximately the middle of the pipe wall and to form martensite and bainite below temperatures below about 450 ° C and about 540 ° C, respectively. Therefore, tubes as laminates can be reheated in an oven and water quench in 106A quench operation after the air has cooled from the hot rolling. For example, in an embodiment of austenitizing operations 106A, the temperatures of the oven zones can be selected to allow the tube to reach the target austenitizing temperature with a tolerance of less than about +/- 20 ° C. The target austenitizing temperatures can be selected within the range of about 900 ° C to about 1,060 ° C. The heating rate can be selected within the range of about 0.1 ° C / s to about 0.30 ° C / s. The immersion time, the time 43/76 from when the tube reaches the final destination temperature minus about 10 ° C and the oven outlet can be selected within the range between about 300 s to about 3,600 s. Austenitizing temperatures and retention times can be selected depending on the chemical composition, wall thickness and desired austenite grain size. At the exit of the oven, the tube can be stripped to remove the oxide from the surface and is quickly moved to a water quenching system. In 106B quenching operations, internal and external cooling can be employed to achieve the desired cooling rates around the middle of the pipe wall (for example, greater than about 20 ° C / s). As discussed above, cooling rates within this range can promote the formation of a percentage of martensite volume greater than about 60%, preferably greater than about 90% and more preferably greater than about 95%. The remaining microstructure can include lower bainite, (ie, ventilated bainite at temperatures below about 540 ° C with a typical morphology, including fine precipitation within the bainite slats, without coarse precipitates at the edges of the batten, as in the case of bainite which is usually formed at temperatures above about 540 ° C). In one embodiment, the water quenching of the 106B quenching operations can be performed by immersing the pipe in a tank containing stirred water. The tube can be rotated 44/76 quickly during tempering to make the heat transfer high and uniform and avoid distortion of the pipe. In addition, in order to remove the steam developed inside the tube, an internal water jet can also be employed. In certain embodiments, the water temperature may not be above about 40 ° C, preferably below about 30 ° C during the 106B quenching operations. After the 106B tempering operations, the tube can be introduced into another furnace for the 106C tempering operations. In certain embodiments, the tempering temperature can be selected to be high enough to produce a relatively low displacement density matrix and more carbides with a substantially round shape (i.e., a higher degree of spheroidization). This spheroidization improves the impact resistance of tubes, as needle-shaped carbides at slat and grain boundaries can provide easier breaking paths. Quenching martensite at temperatures high enough to produce more spherical dispersed carbides can promote transgranular cracks and improve SSC strength. Crack propagation can be slower in steels that have a high number of hydrogen trap locations, and fine dispersed precipitates having spherical morphologies give better results. 45/76 By ventilating a microstructure including tempered martensite, as opposed to a coated microstructure (for example, pearlite ferrite or bainite ferrite), the HIC resistance of steel pipe can be increased. In one embodiment, being selected within the tempering temperature can range from about 680 ° C to about 760 ° C, depending on the chemical composition of the steel and the resistance to flow. Tolerances for the selected tempering temperature can be within the range of about ± 15 ° C. The tube can be heated at a rate between about 0.1 ° C / s at about 0.3 ° C / s for the selected quench temperature. The tube can also be maintained at the selected tempering temperature for a period of time within the range of approximately 600 s to about 4,800 s. Notably, the package size is not significantly influenced by the 106C quenching operations. However, the packet size can decrease as the temperature at which austenite transforms decreases. In traditional low-carbon steels with carbon equivalents below 0.43%, tempered bainite may show a coarse package size (eg 7-12 m) compared to that of tempered martensite within immediate application (eg example, less than or equal to approximately 6 pm, such as from within the range of about 6 pm to about 2 pm). 46/76 The size of the martensite packet is almost independent of the grain size of the average austenite and can remain thin (for example, an average size less than or equal to approximately 6 pm) even in the case of relatively thick average austenite grain size (for example, 15 pm or 20 pm to about 100 pm). Finishing operations 110 may include, but are not limited to, folding and performing operations. The performance can be performed at temperatures below around the tempering temperature and above about 450 ° C. In one embodiment, bending can be performed by hot induction bending. Hot induction bending is a hot deformation process that focuses on a restricted zone, known as a hot strip, which is defined by an induction coil (for example, a heating ring) and a water splashing temper ring the outer surface of the structure to be folded. A straight tube (mother) is pushed from its back while the front of the tube is attached to a restricted arm to describe a circular path. This restriction causes a bending moment in the entire structure, but the tube is plastically deformed substantially only within the hot strip correspondence. The tempering ring, therefore, performs two simultaneous functions: defining the zone under plastic deformation and tempering the hot bending in line. The diameter of both the heating and tempering rings is about 20 mm to about 60 mm greater than the outer diameter (OD) of the mother tube. The bending temperature 47/76 both on the outside and inside of the tube can be continuously measured by pyrometers. In conventional tube fabrication, the bends can be subjected to a stress relieving treatment after bending and undergoing in-line tempering, which includes heating and maintaining the curve at a relatively low temperature to achieve the final mechanical properties. However, it is recognized that inline tempering and stress relieving operations carried out during finishing operations 110 can produce a different microstructure than that obtained from offline [quenching] and tempering operations 106B, 106C. Therefore, in an embodiment of the exposure, an offline quenching and tempering treatment can be performed, similar to that discussed above in operations 106B, 106C, in order to substantially regenerate the microstructure obtained after operations 106B, 106C. Therefore, the folds can be reheated in an oven and then quickly immersed in a quenching tank with stirred water and then tempered in an oven. In certain embodiments, during quenching in water, the pipe may rotate and water may flow into the pipe using a nozzle while, during tempering, the bend may be fixed and nozzle may be used. Therefore, the effectiveness of quenching for bending can be slightly less. In other embodiments, heating rates during austenitization and tempering can also be somewhat 48/76 different, as well as ovens with different performance / productivity can be used. In one embodiment, tempering after bending and quenching can be carried out at a temperature within the range of about 650 ° C to about 760 ° C. The tube can be heated at a rate within the range of about 0.05 ° C / s to about 0.3 ° C / s. A dwell time within the range of approximately 600 s to about 3,600 s can be employed after the quench target temperature has been reached. Figure 3 is an optical micrograph (notch from nital to the microstructure of a tempered tube formed according to the exposed embodiments. The composition of the tube was 0.10% C, 0.44% Mn, 0.21% Si, 2.0% Cr, 0.93% Mo, 0.14% Ni, 0.05% V, 0.01% Al, 0.006% of N, 0.0011% of Ca, 0.011% P, 0.003% S, 0.14% Cu. The tube had an external diameter (OD) of about 273 mm and a wall thickness of approximately 13.9 mm. As illustrated in Figure 3, the tempered tube has a microstructure that is essentially martensite and a little lower bainite. Substantially no ferrite, superior bainite or granular bainite is detected. The grain size of the mean anterior austenite (AGS) of the tempered tube, measured according to ASTM E112 as an interception when linear austenitization was approximately 20 pm, performed at about 980 ° C for a short immersion time of around 600 s. 49/76 Figures 4A and 4B are optical micrographs that illustrate the microstructure of the tube after quenching and tempering according to the exposed embodiments, where the immersion time is approximately 2,400 s. Figure 4A shows a low magnification optical micrograph (for example, about 200x), and Figure 4B shows a high magnification optical micrograph (for example, about 100x), which illustrates the microstructure of a tempered tube after selective notch. able to reveal the boundaries of the previous austenite grains. As illustrated in Figures 4A and 4B, the size of the austenite grains above is large, of approximately 47pm and the temperability can be further improved with a percentage of martensite volume greater than about 90%. Particularly, when the size of anterior austenite grains is less than or equal to about 20 pm and the percentage of martensite volume is greater than about 60%, after quenching, the average dimension of the regions separated by the grain limits of high angle (ie packet size) is approximately less than 6 pm. Even when the former austenite grain becomes larger, the steel package size after quenching and tempering can be kept below approximately 6pm if a predominant martensitic structure (for example, martensite greater than about 60% by volume) ) is formed and the lower bainite forms at relatively low temperatures (for example, <540 ° C). 50/76 The packet size can be measured as mean linear interception in images taken by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using the backscattered electron diffraction signal (EBSD) and considering high angle limits those with incorrect orientation greater than about 45 °. An example of a reverse pole figure is shown in Figure 5, where the incorrect boundary orientation is indicated. Incorrect orientations limits less than about 3 o are indicated as thin lines, while limits showing an incorrect orientation greater than about 45 ° are indicated as thick lines. The measurement by the linear interception method gave the distribution shown in Fig. 6, with an average of the package size value of about 5pm, although the size of previous austenite grains had an average value of approximately 47qm when the amount of martensite in the microstructure it was greater than about 95%. Over the tempered and tempered tube, fine precipitates of the MX, M 2 X type (where M is Mo or Cr, or V, Nb, Ti when present, and X is C or N) with a size of less than about 40 mm were also detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in addition to coarse precipitates of the type M3C, M6C, and / or M 2 3C 6 , with an average diameter within the range between about 80 mm to about 400 mm. The percentage of the total volume of non-metallic inclusions is less than about 0.05%, preferably below about 51/76 of 0.04%. The number of inclusions per square millimeter of area examined for oxides larger than about 15 pm is below about 04 / mm 2 . Substantially, only modified round sulfides are present. EXAMPLES In the following examples, the microstructural and mechanical properties and the impact of steel tubes formed using embodiments of the steel fabrication method discussed above are discussed. In particular, microstructural parameters including austenite grain size, package size, martensite volume, lower bainite volume, the volume of non-metallic inclusions and inclusions of more than about pm are examined for the compositions' achievements. and the heat treatment conditions discussed above. The corresponding mechanical properties, including elongation, flow and tensile strengths, hardness, strength and strength of HIC / SSC are still discussed. Example 1 - Mechanical and microstructural properties of quenched and tempered tubes to grade 80 ksi (555 MPa) The microstructural and mechanical properties of the steel in Table 2 were investigated. Regarding the measurement of microstructural parameters, the austenite grain size (AGS) was measured according to ASTM E112, the packet size was measured using an average linear interception in images taken by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using backscattered electron diffraction signal 52/76 (EBSD), the volume of martensite was measured in accordance with, the volume of lower bainite was measured in accordance with the ASTM E562 standard, the percentage of volume of non-metallic inclusions was measured by automatic image analysis using optical microscopy in accordance with ASTM E1245, and the presence of precipitates was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using the replica extraction method. Regarding mechanical properties, yield strength, tensile strength and elongation were measured according to the ASTM E8 standard, the hardness was measured in accordance with the ASTM E92 standard, the impact energy was evaluated in the Charpy cross-sectional sample. with V-notch according to ISO 14 8-1, the opening displacement between the crack planes was measured according to BS7488 part 1 at about 60 ° C, the RIC assessment was performed according to NACE standard TM0284-2003, Item No. 21215 using the NACE A solution and a test duration of 96 hours. The SSC assessment was performed in accordance with NACE TM0177 using test solution A and a test duration of about 720 hours at about 90% of the specified minimum flow resistance. A heat of about 90t, with the range of chemical composition shown in Table 2, was produced by electric arc furnaces. 53/76 Table 2 - Example 1 chemical composition interval Min Max ç 0.1 0.13 Mn 0.4 0.55 Si 0.2 0.35 P - 0.015 s - 0.009 Ni - 0, 2 Cr 1, 9 2.3 Mo 0.9 1.1 Here 001 0.005 V 0.05 0.07 Nb - 0.01 You - 0.01 N - 0.012 Ass - 0.2 Al 0.01 0.02 At - 0.02 Sb - 0.005 Sn - 0.015 B - 0.001 H - 0.0003 After casting, deoxidizing and adding alloying elements, secondary metallurgy operations were carried out in a pot oven and deburring station. After calcium treatment and vacuum degassing, the liquid steel was then continuously melted in a vertical casting machine as round bars approximately 10 330 mm in diameter. 54/76 The molten bars were reheated by a rotary hearth furnace at a temperature of approximately 1,300 ° C, hot-drilled, and the cavities were hot-rolled by a retained mandrel multi-seat tube laminator and subjected to hot sizing in accordance with the process described above in relation to Figure 1. The seamless tubes produced had an external diameter of approximately 273.2 mm and a wall thickness of approximately 13.9 mm. The chemical composition measured in the resulting laminated seamless tube 10 is reported in Table 3. Table 3 - Chemical composition of the seamless tubes of Example 1 Pipe 1 2 3 4 Ç 0.1 0, 1 0.1 0.1 Mn 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.44 Si 0.21 0.21 0.2 0.21 P 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.01 s 003 0.003 0.003 0.003 Ni 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 Cr 2 2 2 2 Mo 0.93 0.93 0.89 0.93 Here 0.01 0.012 0.011 0.01 V 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 Nb 004 004 0.004 004 You 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 N 0.006 006 0.006 0.007 Ass 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.14 Al 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 At 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Sb 0.001 0.001 0.001 001 Sn 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.009 B 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 H 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 55/76 The laminated tubes were subsequently austenitized by heating to a temperature of about 920 ° C for about 2,200 s by a rotary grill oven, descaled by high pressure water nozzles and tempered with water externally and internally using a stirred water tank. and an internal water nozzle. The rate of austenitization heating was about 0.25 ° C / s. The cooling rate employed during quenching was approximately greater than 65 ° C / s. The tempered tubes were quickly moved to another rotary grill oven for tempering treatment at a temperature of about 710 ° C for a total time of about 5,400 s and an immersion time of about 1,800 s. The tempering heating rate was about 0.2 ° C / s. The cooling employed after quenching was carried out in calm air at a rate of approximately below 0.5 ° C / s. All quenched and tempered pipes (Q & T) were run in the hot. The main parameters that characterize the microstructure and the non-metallic inclusions of the tubes of Example 1 are shown in Table 4. Table 4 - Microstructural parameters of seamless tubes of the Example 1 Parameter Average value Austenite grain size (pm) 47 Packet size (μπι) 5.1 Martensite (% volume) 100 56/76 Lower Bainite (% volume) 0 Volume of non-metallic inclusions (%) 0.03 Inclusions> 15 pm (No./mm 2 ) 0.2 The mechanical and corrosion properties of the tubes of Example 1 are shown in Tables 5, 6 and 7. Table 5 presents the tensile, elongation, hardness and resistance properties of the quenched and tempered tubes. Table 6 shows the yield strength after two simulated post-weld heat treatments, PWHT1 and PWHT2. The post-weld heat treatment 1 (PWHT1) comprised heating and cooling at a rate of about 80 ° C / h to a temperature 10 of about 650 ° C with an immersion time of about 5 h. The post-weld heat treatment 2 (PWHT2) comprised heating and cooling at a rate of about 80 ° C / h to a temperature of about 650 ° C with an immersion time of about 10 h. Table 7 shows the HIC and SSC resistance measured 15 of the quenched and tempered tubes. Table 5 - Mechanical properties of the tempered and tempered tubes of Example 1 Mechanical property Result Average Flow Limit, YS (MPa) 615 Minimum yield limit, YS (MPa) 586 Maximum yield limit, YS (MPa) 633 Medium tensile strength, UTS (MPa) 697 Minimum tensile strength, UTS (MPa) 668 Maximum tensile strength, UTS (MPa) 714 Maximum YS / UTS ratio 0.91 57/76 Average elongation (%) 22.1 Minimum elongation (%) 20.5 Maximum elongation (%) 25.8 Maximum stiffness (HV 10 ) 232 Average impact energy (J) at about -70 ° C[transversal CVN specimens] 250 Minimum individual impact energy (J) at about -70 ° C [transversal CVN specimens] 200 80% FATT (° C) [transversal CVN specimens] - 90 50% FATT (° C) [transversal CVN specimens] - 110 Average CTOD (mm) at about -60 ° C 1, 04 Table 6 - Mechanical properties of the tempered and tempered tubes of Example 1 after simulated heat treatment after welding (PWHT1) Minimum Flow Limit (MPa) after PWHT1 565 Maximum yield limit (MPa) after PWHT1 555 Table 7 - HIC and SSC resistance of Q&T tubes in Example 1 HIC: Result Number of tests Crack length ratio, CLR% 0 12 Crack thickness ratio, CTR% 0 12 Ratio of crack sensitivity, CSR% 0 12 SSC(NACE TM0177 method A, voltage: 90% SMYS): Result Number of tests Failure time (h) > 720 (all passed) 12 58/76 It was found, from the results of the tests above (Table 5, Table 6 and Table 7), that the quenched and tempered tubes are suitable to develop an 80 ksi (555 MPa) grade, characterized by: • Flow limit, YS: about 555 MPa (80 ksi) minimum and about 705 MPa (102 ksi) maximum. • Tensile strength, UTS: about 625 MPa (90 ksi) minimum and about 825 MPa (120 ksi) maximum. • Hardness: below about 250 HVi 0 • Elongation, not less than 20%. • YS / UTS ratio not less than or equal to 0.93. • Minimum impact energy of about 250 J / about 200 J (average / individual) at around -70 ° C in V-notch Charpy samples. • Excellent resistance in terms of 50% FATT (transition temperature for a fracture appearance with about 50% shear area) and 80% FATT (transition temperature for a fracture appearance with about 80% area shear strength), measured in V-notch Charpy samples tested according to ISO 148-1. • Excellent longitudinal opening between crack planes (CTOD) of about -60 ° C (greater than about 0.8 mm). • Resistance to flow, YS of about 555 MPa minimum after Post-Welding Heat Treatments: heating and cooling rate of about 80 ° C / h, immersion temperature of about 650 ° C; immersion times: 5 h (PWHT1) and 10 h (PWHT2). 59/76 • Good resistance to HIC (test in accordance with the standard NACE. TM0284-2003 Item No. 21215, using NACE A solution and test duration of about 96 hours) and SSC (test according to NACE TM0177, using test solution A and about 15 bar H 2 S ( 10 5 Pa), drained at about 90% of the specified minimum flow resistance, SMYS). Example 2 - Mechanical and microstructural properties of quenched and tempered tubes to the degree of 90 ksi (625 MPa) The microstructural and mechanical properties of steel from Table 8 were investigated as discussed above in relation to Example 1. A heat of about 90 t, with the chemical composition shown in Table 8, was manufactured by electric arc furnaces. Table 8 - Chemical composition of the heat of Example 2 ç 0.1 Mn 0.41 Si 0.24 P 0.01 s 002 Ni 0.09 Cr 2.22 Mo 0.91 Here 0.012 V 0.06 Nb 005 You 0.002 N 0.0074 Ass 0.1 Al 0.01 At 005 Sb 0.0018 60/76 Sn 0.009 B 0.0001 H 0.0002 After casting, deoxidizing and adding alloying elements, secondary metallurgy operations were carried out in a pot oven and deburring station. After calcium treatment and vacuum degassing, the liquid steel was then continuously melted in a vertical casting machine as round bars approximately 330 mm in diameter. The molten bars were reheated by a rotary hearth furnace at a temperature of approximately 1,300 ° C, hot-drilled, and the cavities were hot-rolled by a retained mandrel multi-seat tube laminator and subjected to hot sizing in accordance with process described above in relation to Figure 1. The seamless tubes produced had an external diameter of approximately 250.8 mm and a wall thickness of approximately 15.2 mm. The chemical composition measured in the resulting seamless laminated tube is reported in Table 9. Table 9 - Chemical composition of the seamless tubes of Example 2 Pipe 1 2 3 4 Ç 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Mn 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.44 Si 0.21 0.21 0.2 0.21 P 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.01 61/76 s 003 0.003 0.003 0.003 Ni 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 Cr 2 2 2 2 Mo 0.93 0.93 0.89 0.93 Here 0.01 0.012 0.011 0.01 V 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 Nb 004 0.004 0.004 004 You 0.001 001 0.001 0.001 N 0.006 006 0.006 0.007 Ass 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.14 Al 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 At 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Sb 0.001 001 0.001 0.001 Sn 0.01 0.01 0.01 009 B 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 H 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 The laminated tubes were subsequently austenitized by heating to a temperature of about 900 ° C for about 2,200 s by a rotary grill oven, descaled by high pressure water nozzles and tempered with water externally and internally using a water tank stirred and an internal water nozzle. The rate of austenitization heating was around 0.2 ° C / s. The cooling rate employed during quenching was approximately greater than 60 ° C / s. The tempered tubes were quickly moved to another rotary grill oven for tempering treatment at a temperature of about 680 ° C for a total time of about 5,400 s and an immersion time of about 1,800 s. The tempering heating rate was about 0.2 ° C / s. The cooling employed after quenching was carried out in calm air at a rate of approximately below 62/76 of 0.5 ° C / s. All tempered and tempered pipes (Q & T) were run in the hot. The main parameters that characterize the microstructure and the non-metallic inclusions of the tubes of Example 2 are shown in Table 10. Table 10 - Microstructural parameters of seamless tubes in Example 2 Parameter Average value Austenite Aaron Size (One) 26.2 Packet size (pm) 3.8 Martensite (% volume) 95 Lower Bainite (% volume) 5 Volume of non-metallic inclusions (%) 0.028 Inclusions> 15 pm (No./mm 2 ) 0.45 The mechanical properties of the tubes of Example 2 are shown in Table 11. Table 11 shows the tensile, elongation, hardness and resistance properties of the quenched and tempered tubes 15. Table 11 - Mechanical properties of the tempered and tempered tubes of Example 2 Mechanical property Result Average Flow Limit, YS (MPa) 690 Minimum yield limit, YS (MPa) 681 Maximum yield limit, YS (MPa) 706 63/76 Medium tensile strength, UTS (MPa) 743 Minimum tensile strength, UTS (MPa) 731 Maximum tensile strength, UTS (MPa) 765 Maximum YS / UTS ratio 0.93 Average elongation (%) 20, 1 Minimum elongation (%) 18.5 Maximum elongation (%) 23, 4 Maximum stiffness (HV 10 ) 263 Average impact energy (J) at about -70 ° C[transversal CVN specimens] 200 Minimum individual impact energy (J) at about -70 ° C [transversal CVN specimens] 150 80% FATT (° C) [transversal CVN specimens] -70 50% FATT (° C) [transversal CVN specimens] -80 From the results of the above test (Table 11), it was found that the quenched and tempered tubes are suitable to develop a degree of 90 ksi (625 MPa), characterized by: · Flow limit, YS: about 625 MPa (80 ksi (555 MPa)) minimum and about 775 MPa (112 ksi (775 MPa)) maximum. • Tensile strength, UTS: about 695 MPa (100 ksi) minimum and about 915 MPa (133 ksi (915 MPa)) maximum. • Hardness: below about 27 0 HVio · Elongation, not less than 18%. • YS / UTS ratio not less than or equal to 0.95. • Minimum impact energy of about 150 J / about 100 J (average / individual) at about -70 ° C in Charpy samples with notched-in V. 15 · Excellent resistance in terms of 50% in FATT (temperature of transition to an appearance in fracture with about 50% area shear) and 80 % in FATT 64/76 (transition temperature for a fracture appearance with about 80% of shear area), measured in V-notch Charpy samples tested according to ISO 148-1. Good resistance to HIC (test in accordance with the standard NACE TM0284-2003 Item No. 21215, using NACE A solution and test duration of about 96 hours), with: Crack length ratio, CLR% = 0 Crack thickness ratio, CTR% = 0 Ratio of crack sensitivity, CSR% = 0 Good resistance to SSC was also observed in the samples. No failure was observed after about 720 h in 3 samples. The test was conducted according to NACE TM0177 method A, using test solution A, with a flow value greater than or equal to about 72% of the specified minimum flow (SMYS) and about 1 bar of H 2 S (10 5 Pa) pressure. Example 3 - Comparative example of quenched and tempered pipe In this comparative example, quenched and tempered tubes having an outside diameter of about 324.7 mm and a wall thickness of about 15.7 mm, made of typical pipe steel with a low carbon equivalent of 0.4% ( Table 12), were used to manufacture folds by hot induction, quenching and tempering off line, using embodiments of the previously described process. 65/76 Table 12 - Composition of comparative example 3 ç 0.08 Mn 1.13 Si 0.28 P 0.015 s 0.002 Ni 0.42 Cr 0.13 Mo 0.16 Here 0.013 V 0, 06 Nb 0.026 You 002 N 0.0055 Ass 0.13 Al 0.029 At 0.006 Sb 0.0027 Sn 0.01 B 0.0002 H 0.0002 The seamless tubes produced were austenitized at about 920 ° C for approximately 2,200 s, as discussed above, by a rotary grid oven. The tubes were then descaled by high pressure water nozzles and tempered with water externally and internally using a stirred water tank and an internal water nozzle. The tempered tubes were quickly moved to another rotary grill oven for tempering treatment at a temperature of about 660-670 ° C. All quenched and quenched tubes were hot run. 66/76 The main parameters that characterize the microstructural and non-metallic inclusions of the Q&T folds are shown in Table 13. Table 13 - Microstructural parameters of comparative example 3 Parameter Average value Austenite Aaron Size (One) 12.0 Packet size (pm) 7.1 Lower Bainite (% volume) 17 Granular Bainite (% volume) 75 Ferrite (% volume) 8 Volume of non-metallic inclusions (%) 0.04 Inclusions> 15 pm (No./mm 2 ) 0.25 It was found that these tempered and tempered tubes, as they are manufactured with steel that has a fine grain of austenite (of approximately 12pm), do not develop sufficient temperability to form martensite. Therefore, the microstructure has a predominant granular bainite microstructure, including some lower bainites and also some amount of coarse ferrite (see Fig.7 and Table 13). In addition, the packet size is larger than that of examples 1 and 2. It was also found (Table 14) that these quenched and tempered tubes are capable of reaching the minimum flow limit of about 555 MPa (grade 80 ksi (555 MPa)), but have a lower hardness with lower transition temperatures. high, in 67/76 compared to examples 1 and 2, due to their different microstructure. Table 14 - Mechanical properties of tempered and tempered folds of comparative example 3 Mechanical property Result Average Flow Limit, YS (MPa) 600 Minimum yield limit, YS (MPa) 583 Maximum yield limit, YS (MPa) 625 Medium tensile strength, UTS (MPa) 681 Minimum tensile strength, UTS (MPa) 659 Maximum tensile strength, UTS (MPa) 697 Maximum YS / UTS ratio 0.91 Average elongation (%) 26.1 Minimum elongation (%) 25, 0 Maximum elongation (%) 29, 0 Maximum stiffness (HV 10 ) 239 Average impact energy (J) at about -70 ° C[transversal CVN specimens] 193 Minimum individual impact energy (J) at about -70 ° C [transversal CVN specimens] 156 80% FATT (° C) [transversal CVN specimens] -40 50% FATT (’C) [transversal CVN specimens] -55 Example 4 - Microstructural and mechanical properties of bends in tempered and tempered tubes The quenched and tempered tubes of Example 1 were used in the manufacture of curves with a radius of about 5 times the outer diameter of the tube (SD). 68/76 The tubes were subjected to hot induction by heating to a temperature of about 850 ° C +/- 25 ° C and in-line water quenching. The curves were then reheated to a temperature of about 920 ° C for approximately 5 15 min, kept in a mobile oven, changed to a water tank and immersed in stirred water. The minimum temperature of the folds was above about 860 ° C just before immersion in a water tank, and the temperature of the water in the tank was kept below approximately 40 ° C. Following the quenching operation, the tempered folds were tempered in a temperature oven within the range of approximately 700 to about 710 ° C using a retention time of approximately 20 min. Table 15 - Mechanical properties of tempered and tempered folds from Example 4 Mechanical property Result Average Flow Limit, YS (MPa) 603 Minimum yield limit, YS (MPa) 576 Maximum yield limit, YS (MPa) 638 Medium tensile strength, UTS (MPa) 687 Minimum tensile strength, UTS (MPa) 652 Maximum tensile strength, UTS (MPa) 702 Maximum YS / UTS ratio (-) 0.91 Average elongation (%) 22.0 Minimum elongation (%) 20.5 Maximum elongation (%) 25, 0 Maximum stiffness (HV 10 ) 238 Average impact energy (J) at about -70 ° C 238 69/76 [transversal CVN specimens]Minimum individual impact energy (J) at about-70 ° C [transversal CVN specimens] 202 80% FATT (° C) [transversal CVN specimens] -85 50% FATT (° C) [transversal CVN specimens] -100 Average CTOD (mm) at about -45 ° C 0.94 Table 16 - HIC and SSC resistance of tempered and tempered folds from Example 2 HIC: Result No. of tests Crack length ratio, CLR% 0 3 Crack thickness ratio, CTR% 0 3 Ratio of crack sensitivity, CSR% 0 3 SSC Result Number of (NACE TM0177 method A, voltage: 90% SMYS):tests Failure time (h) > 720 (allThey passed) 3 It was found, from the results of the tests above (Table 15, Table 16), that the quenched and tempered folds are suitable to develop a grade of 80 ksi (555 MPa), characterized by: • Flow limit, YS: about 555 MPa (80 ksi) minimum and about 705 MPa (102 ksi) maximum. • Tensile strength, UTS: about 625 MPa (90 ksi) minimum and about 825 MPa (120 ksi) maximum. · Maximum hardness: below about 25 OHVio • Elongation, not less than 18%. 70/76 • YS / UTS ratio not greater than 0.93. • Minimum impact energy of 250 J / 200 J (average / individual) at about -70 ° C in V-notch Charpy samples. • Excellent resistance in terms of 50% FATT (transition temperature for a fracture appearance with about 50% shear area) and 80% FATT (transition temperature for a fracture appearance with about 80% shear area), measured in Charpy samples with transverse V notches. • Opening displacement between the crack planes (CTOD) excellent longitudinal in about -45 ° C (greater than what fence 0.8 mm). • Good resistance to HIC (test in accordance with standard NACE TM0284-2003 Item n ° 21215, using solution NACE A and test duration of about 96 hours) and SSC (test according to NACE TM0177, using test solution A and about 1 bar of H 2 S (10 5 Pa), drained at about 90% resistance to specified minimum flow, SMYS). Example 5 - Mechanical properties of quenched and tempered tubes to 70 ksi (485 MPa) The mechanical properties of the steel in Table 17 were investigated as discussed above for Example 1. A heat of about 90 t, with the chemical composition range shown in Table 17, was manufactured by electric arc furnaces. 71/76 Table 17 - Example 5 heat chemical composition range Min Max ç 0.1 0.13 Mn 0.4 0.55 Si 0, 2 0.35 P - 0.015 s - 0.009 Ni - 0, 2 Cr 2 2.5 Mo 0.9 1.1 Here 001 005 V - 0.02 Nb - 0.01 You - 0.01 N - 0.012 Ass - 0.2 Al - 0.02 At - 0.02 Sb - 0.005 Sn - 0.025 B - 0.001 H - 0.0003 After casting, deoxidizing and adding alloying elements, secondary metallurgy operations were carried out in a pot oven and deburring station. After calcium treatment and vacuum degassing, the liquid steel was continuously melted in a vertical casting machine as round bars approximately 330 mm in diameter. 72/76 The molten bars were reheated by a rotary hearth furnace at a temperature of approximately 1,300 ° C, hot-drilled, and the cavities were hot-rolled by a retained mandrel multi-seat tube laminator and subjected to hot sizing in accordance with the process described above in relation to Figure 1. The seamless tubes produced had an external diameter of approximately 273.1 mm and a wall thickness of approximately 33 mm. The chemical composition measured in the resulting laminated seamless tube 10 is reported in Table 18. Table 18 - Chemical composition of the seamless tubes of the Example 5 Pipe 1 2 Ç 0.13 0.14 Mn 0.48 0.46 Si 0.26 0.24 P 0.011 0.011 s 0.001 0.001 Ni 0, 12 0.11 Cr 2.07 2, 14 Mo 0.95 0.95 Here 0.013 0.01 V <0.01 <0.01 Nb <0.01 <0.01 You 001 001 N 0.0074 0.0083 Ass 0.13 0.13 Al 0.014 0.014 At 006 0.006 Sb 0.0013 0.0007 Sn 007 008 B 0.0001 0.0001 H 0.0002 0.0002 73/76 The laminated tubes were subsequently austenitized by heating to a temperature of about 920 ° C for about 5,400 s by a rotary grill oven, descaled by high pressure water nozzles and tempered with water externally and internally using a stirred water tank. and an internal water nozzle. The rate of austenitization heating was about 0.16 ° C / s. The cooling rate employed during quenching was approximately greater than 25 ° C / s. The tempered tubes were quickly moved to another rotary grill oven for tempering treatment at a temperature of about 750 ° C for a total time of about 8,600 s and an immersion time of about 4,200 s. The tempering heating rate was about 0.15 ° C / s. The cooling rate employed during quenching was approximately less than 0.1 ° C / s. All quenched and tempered pipes (Q & T) were run in the hot. The mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the tubes of Example 5 are shown in Table 19 and Table 20, respectively. Table 20 shows the tensile, elongation, hardness and resistance properties of tempered and tempered tubes. 74/76 Table 19 - Mechanical properties of the tempered and tempered tubes of Example 5 Mechanical property Result Average Flow Limit, YS (MPa) 514 Minimum yield limit, YS (MPa) 494 Maximum yield limit, YS (MPa) 545 Medium tensile strength, UTS (MPa) 658 Minimum tensile strength, UTS (MPa) 646 687 687 Maximum YS / UTS ratio (-) 0.83 Average elongation (%) 22.2 Minimum elongation (%) 20, 6 Maximum elongation (%) 24.2 Maximum stiffness (HV 10 ) 218 Average impact energy (J) at about -70 ° C[transversal CVN specimens] 270 Minimum individual impact energy (J) at about -70 ° C [transversal CVN specimens] 200 80% FATT (° C) [transversal CVN specimens] <-90 50% FATT (° C) [transversal CVN specimens] <-110 Table 20 - HIC and SSC resistance of the Q & T tubes of Example 5 HIC: Result Number of tests Crack length ratio, CLR% 0 12 Crack thickness ratio, CTR% 0 12 Ratio of crack sensitivity, CSR% 0 12 SSC(NACE TM0177 method A, voltage: 90% SMYS): Result Number oftests Failure time (h) > 720 (all passed) 12 75/76 The results of the tests above were verified (Table 19 and Table 20), that the tubes tempered and tempered are suitable for develop a degree 70 ksi (485 MPa), featured per: sj• Limit draining, YS: fence of 7 0 ksi (485 MPa) (485 Minimum and about 92 ksi (635 MPa) (635 MPa) maximum. • Tensile strength, UTS: about 83 ksi (570 MPa) (570 Minimum and about 110 ksi (760 MPa) (760 MPa) maximum. 10 · Maximum hardness: below about 258 HVi 0 • Elongation, not less than 18%. • YS / UTS ratio not greater than about 0.93. • Minimum impact energy greater than about 200 J / about 150 J (average / individual) at about -70 ° C in samples of Charpy with transverse V notches. • Excellent resistance in terms of 50% FATT (transition temperature for a fracture appearance with about 50% shear area) and 80% FATT (transition temperature for a fracture appearance with about 80% area shear), measured in transverse V-notch Charpy samples. • Good resistance to HIC (test in accordance with standard NACE TM0284-2003 Item No. 21215, using NACE A solution and test duration of about 96 hours) and SSC (test according to NACE TM0177, using solution A test and about 1 bar of H 2 S (10 5 Pa), drained at about 90% of the specified minimum flow resistance, SMYS). 76/76 Although the preceding description has shown, described and pointed out the fundamental innovative characteristics of the present teachings, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions and changes in the shape of the device's detail as illustrated, as well as their uses, can be carried out by those qualified in the state technique without departing from the scope of the present teachings. Therefore, the scope of the present teachings should not be limited to the preceding discussion, but should be defined by the 10 amended claims. 1/9
权利要求:
Claims (10) [1] 1. Seamless steel pipe, characterized by comprising: a steel composition comprising: 0.05% The 0.16% in Weight in carbon; 0.20% The 0.90% in Weight in manganese; 0.10% The 0.50% in Weight in silicon; 1.20% The 2.60% in Weight in chrome; 0.05% The 0.50% in Weight in nickel; 0.80% The 1.20% in Weight in molybdenum; 0.005% to 0.12% by weight of vanadium; 0.008% to 0.04% by weight of aluminum; 0.0030% to 0.0120% by weight of nitrogen; and 0.0010% to 0.005% by weight of calcium; 0 to 0.80% by weight of tungsten; 0 to 0.030% by weight of niobium; 0 to 0.020% by weight of titanium; 0 to 0.0020% by weight of boron; 0 to 0.030% by weight of zirconium; 0 to 0.030% by weight of tantalum; the remainder of the composition comprising iron and impurities; where the thickness of the steel pipe wall is greater than or equal to 8 mm and less than or equal to 35 mm; and where the steel tubing is processed to have a normal yield stress greater than 550 MPa (80 ksi) and has average energy by the Charpy impact test with V notch greater than or equal to 0.01 J / m 2 , - 70 ° C; Petition 870180072997, of 20/08/2018, p. 10/30 [2] 2/9 where the microstructure of the steel pipe consists of martensite in a percentage in volume equal to or greater than 60% and bainite of low molecular weight in a percentage in volume less than or equal to 40%, and in which the packaging dimension of martensite is less than or equal to 6 pm. Steel pipe according to claim 1, characterized in that said impurities comprise: 0 to 0.30% by weight of copper; 0 to 0.010% by weight of sulfur; 0 to 0.020% by weight of phosphorus; 0 to 0.020% by weight of arsenic; 0 to 0.0050% by weight of antimony; 0 to 0.020% by weight of tin; 0 to 0.0050% by weight of bismuth; 0 to 0.0030% by weight of oxygen; 0 to 0.00030% by weight of hydrogen. [3] Steel tubing according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel composition comprises: 0.07% The 0.14% in Weight in carbon; 0.30% The 0.60% in Weight in manganese; 0.10% The 0.40% in Weight in silicon; 1.80% The 2.50% in Weight in chrome; 0.05% The 0.20% in Weight in nickel; 0.90% The 1.10% in Weight in molybdenum; 0 to 0.60% by weight of tungsten; 0 to 0.015% by weight of niobium; 0 to 0.010% by weight of titanium; Petition 870180072997, of 20/08/2018, p. 11/30 3/9 0.050% to 0.10% by weight of vanadium; 0.010% to 0.030% by weight of aluminum; 0.0030% to 0.0100% by weight of nitrogen; 0 to 0.20% by weight of copper; 0 to 0.005% by weight of sulfur; 0 to 0.012% by weight of phosphorus; 0.0010% to 0.003% by weight of calcium; 0.0005% to 0.0012% by weight of boron; 0 to 0.015% by weight of arsenic; 0 to 0.0050% by weight of antimony; 0 to 0.015% by weight of tin; 0 to 0.015% by weight of zirconium; 0 to 0.015% by weight of tantalum; 0 to 0.0050% by weight of bismuth; 0 to 0.0020% by weight of oxygen; 0 to 0.00025% by weight of hydrogen; and the remainder of the composition comprising iron and impurities. [4] Steel pipe according to claim 1, characterized in that the steel composition comprises: 0.08% The 0.12% in Weight in carbon; 0.30% The 0.50% in Weight in manganese; 0.10% The 0.25% in Weight in silicon; 2.10% The 2.40% in Weight in chrome; 0.05% The 0.20% in Weight in nickel; 0.95% The 1.10% in Weight in molybdenum; 0 to 0.30% by weight of tungsten; 0 to 0.010% by weight of niobium; 0 to 0.010% by weight of titanium; Petition 870180072997, of 20/08/2018, p. 12/30 4/9 0.050% to 0.07% by weight of vanadium; 0.015% to 0.025% by weight of aluminum; 0.0030% to 0.008% by weight of nitrogen; 0 to 0.15% by weight of copper; 0 to 0.003% by weight of sulfur; 0 to 0.010% by weight of phosphorus; 0.0015% to 0.003% by weight of calcium; 0.0008% to 0.0014% by weight of boron; 0 to 0.015% by weight of arsenic; 0 to 0.0050% by weight of antimony; 0 to 0.015% by weight of tin; 0 to 0.010% by weight of zirconium; 0 to 0.010% by weight of tantalum; 0 to 0.0050% by weight of bismuth; 0 to 0.0015% by weight of oxygen; 0 to 0.00020% by weight of hydrogen; and the remainder of the composition comprising iron and impurities. 5. Piping steel in wake up with any an of claims 1 to 4, characterized per the tension normal in runoff be greater what 625 MPa (90 ksi) and smaller or equal what 775 Mpa (112 ksi). 6. Piping steel in wake up with any an of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the percentage by volume of martensite is greater than or equal to 90% and the percentage by volume of low molecular weight bainite is less than or equal to 10%. Petition 870180072997, of 20/08/2018, p. 13/30 [5] 5/9 Steel tubing according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the percentage by volume of martensite is greater than or equal to 95% and the percentage by volume of low molecular weight bainite is less than or equal to 5%. 8. Pipingfeatured100%. infor a steelperc inentac a deal withvolume gem the claim of martensite be 6,in 9. Piping in steel in a deal with Any of them of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that one or more particles having the composition MX or M2X having an average diameter less than or equal to 40 pm are present inside the pipe steel, where M isselected from C selected and N. between V, Mo, Nb and Cr e X and 10. Piping in steel in a deal with The claim 1, featured for a temperature of transition dog ductile fragile to be less than -70 ° C. 11. Piping in steel in a deal with The claim 1, characterized by the average energy by the impact test Charpy with V notch is greater than or equal to 0.0250 J / m 2 . 12. Piping in steel according with The claim 1, featured per the pipe in steel not fail due to at least less in part, corrosion under fracturing tension Petition 870180072997, of 20/08/2018, p. 14/30 [6] 6/9 after 720 hours when subjected to a voltage of 90% of the yield voltage and tested according to NACE TM0177. 13. Method for manufacture in steel pipe, featured per understand: provide a composition in carbon steel according to claim 1; form the composition of steel in a pipe that has a wall thickness greater than or equal to 8 mm and less than or equal to 35 mm, with the average size of the austenite grain inside the pipe after formation being greater than 15 μιη; heat the steel pipe formed in a first heating operation to a temperature within the range between 900 ° C to 1060 ° C; cool the formed steel tubing at a rate greater than or equal to 20 ° C / s in the middle of the tube wall, temper the cooled steel tubing to a temperature within the range between 680 ° C to 760 ° C; whereby the steel pipe after tempering has a normal yield stress greater than 550 Mpa (80 ksi) and an average energy by the Charpy impact test with V notch greater than or equal to 0.01 J / m 2 at -70 ° C, and whereby the microstructure of the steel pipe consists of martensite in percentage in volume greater than or equal to 60% and bainite of low molecular weight in percentage in volume less than or equal to 40%, and the packaging dimension of martensite is less or equal to 6 um. Petition 870180072997, of 20/08/2018, p. 15/30 [7] 7/9 Method according to claim 13, characterized in that the impurities comprise: 0 to 0.30% by weight of copper; 0 to 0.010% by weight of sulfur; 0 to 0.020% by weight of phosphorus; 0 to 0.020% by weight of arsenic; 0 to 0.0050% by weight of antimony; 0 to 0.020% by weight of tin; 0 to 0.0050% by weight of bismuth; 0 to 0.0030% by weight of oxygen; 0 to 0.00030% by weight of hydrogen. Method according to claim 13, characterized in that the steel composition comprises: 0.07% The 0.14% in Weight in carbon; 0.30% The 0.60% in Weight in manganese; 0.10% The 0.40% in Weight in silicon; 1.80% The 2.50% in Weight in chrome; 0.05% The 0.20% in Weight in nickel; 0.90% The 1.10% in Weight in molybdenum; 0 to 0.60% by weight of tungsten; 0 to 0.015% by weight of niobium; 0 to 0.010% by weight of titanium; 0 to 0.20% by weight of copper; 0 to 0.005% by weight of sulfur; 0 to 0.012% by weight of phosphorus; 0.050% to 0.10% by weight of vanadium; 0.010% to 0.030% by weight of aluminum; 0.0030% to 0.0100% by weight of nitrogen; Petition 870180072997, of 20/08/2018, p. 16/30 [8] 8/9 0.0010% to 0.003% by weight of calcium; 0.0005% to 0.0012% by weight of boron; 0.015% by weight of arsenic; 0.0050% by weight of antimony; The 0 The 0, 015% in Weight in tin; 0 The 0, 015% in Weight in zirconium; 0 The 0, 015% in Weight in tantalum; bismuth weight; 0.0050% in a 0.0020% by weight of oxygen; 0.00025% by weight of hydrogen; and the remainder of the composition comprising iron and impurities. Method according to claim 13, characterized in that the steel composition comprises: 0.08% The 0.12% in Weight in carbon; 0.30% The 0.50% in Weight in manganese; 0.10% The 0.25% in Weight in silicon; 2.10% The 2.40% in Weight in chrome; 0.05% The 0.20% in Weight in nickel; 0.95% The 1.10% in Weight in molybdenum; 0.30% by weight of tungsten; The 0.010% by weight of niobium; 0.010% by weight of titanium; 0.050% to 0.07% by weight of vanadium; 0.015% to 0.025% by weight of aluminum; 0.0030% to 0.008% by weight of nitrogen; 0 The 0, 15% by weight in copper; 0 The 0, 003% by weight in sulfur; 0 The 0, 010% by weight in phosphor; Petition 870180072997, of 20/08/2018, p. 17/30 [9] 9/9 0.0015% to 0.003% by weight of calcium; 0.0008% to 0.0014% by weight of boron; 00 TheThe 0.015%0.0050 by weight% by weight inin arsenic;! antimony; 5 0 The 0, 015% in Weight in tin; 0 The 0, 010% in Weight in zirconium; and 0 The 0, 010% in Weight in tantalum; 0.0050% by weight of bismuth; The 0.0015% by weight of oxygen; 0.00020% by weight of hydrogen; and remainder of the composition comprising iron and impurities. Method according to any one of claims 13 to 16, characterized in that the quenching rate is greater than or equal to 15 40 ° C / s and the microstructure of the steel pipe is 100% by volume of martensite after quenching. Petition 870180072997, of 20/08/2018, p. 18/30 FIGURE 1 100 2/7 FIGURE 2 IMB cS 600 [10] 10 * 10 1 IO 2 i-jj'Wy | ...... Steel: 235 Heating: 94371S Ty 9B9 * C x <O0 s! o ® AS ™ <20 pm) hoo ià λ >, '< X x •The 150 W 40 20 10 5 1 <M 9fi5 WB HV 397 396 392 383 373 3SI Wl 1W w »1 Time (s) percent. pasta ç a W Bad "S Si "2 s 0 * 1 P 0. » M 0.12 & 2.28 Mo iXMJ Ce 9.22 •H 0.00 V 0.005 Nb (í «05 Al 0 * 11 10 6 3/7 FIGURE 3 $ / Ί FIGURE 6 7/7
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同族专利:
公开号 | 公开日 EP2492361A3|2012-12-12| CA2767004C|2020-03-10| US9598746B2|2017-03-21| AU2012200696A1|2012-08-23| IN2012DE00320A|2015-04-10| AR085312A1|2013-09-25| JP6012189B2|2016-10-25| EP2492361B1|2019-01-16| BR102012002768A2|2013-11-05| IT1403689B1|2013-10-31| CN102628145A|2012-08-08| CA2767004A1|2012-08-07| EP2492361A2|2012-08-29| US20120199255A1|2012-08-09| CN102628145B|2015-12-16| MX2012001706A|2013-02-07| AU2012200696B2|2017-02-16| ITMI20110180A1|2012-08-08| JP2012197507A|2012-10-18|
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2013-11-05| B03A| Publication of an application: publication of a patent application or of a certificate of addition of invention| 2013-12-24| B03H| Publication of an application: rectification|Free format text: REFERENTE A RPI 2235 DE 05/11/2013, QUANTO AO ITEM (57). | 2018-05-22| B07A| Technical examination (opinion): publication of technical examination (opinion)| 2018-09-25| B09A| Decision: intention to grant| 2018-12-11| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 07/02/2012, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题 ITMI2011A000180|2011-02-07| ITMI2011A000180A|IT1403689B1|2011-02-07|2011-02-07|HIGH-RESISTANCE STEEL TUBES WITH EXCELLENT LOW TEMPERATURE HARDNESS AND RESISTANCE TO CORROSION UNDER VOLTAGE SENSORS.| 相关专利
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